Queneau seems to have had some training as a mathematician and was friends with several leading French mathematicians. This book is generally considered a satire of the Surrealist movement (of which Queneau was an early member). But one of the main characters is a mathematics student and has a long discussion with one of his friends about mathematics.

(Not a work of fiction, but worth mentioning: Queneau wrote a poetry work entitled 100,000,000,000,000 Poems. It consists of 10 sonnets with the property that any line of any sonnet may be substituted for any other, similarly numbered, line to create a new sonnet. Hence there are 10^14 different possible poems.)